| skirmish [ SKUR-mish ] | | | [ noun, intransitive verb ] | | | MEANING : | | | 1. (n.) a fight between troops 2. (n.) any brisk dispute or encounter 3. (intr. v.) to engage in a fight or conflict | | | USAGE EXAMPLE 1 : | | | The police had to intervene as the skirmish among the fans was getting out of hand.
| | | USAGE EXAMPLE 2 : | | | Sixteen German police officers were slightly hurt and 15 England fans arrested after a skirmish in Cologne. BBC, England fans held after skirmish, 30 June 2006. | | | | skulduggery [ skuhl-DUHG-uh'-ree ] | | | [ noun ] | | | MEANING : | | | crafty trickery or unscrupulous behaviour | | | USAGE EXAMPLE 1 : | | | In 19th century Britain, gypsies were accused of skulduggery.
| | | USAGE EXAMPLE 2 : | | | US finance giant Citigroup is dumping the boss of its investment banking arm, Salomon Smith Barney, amid allegations of biased research and skulduggery in its corporate finance operations. BBC, Scandal-hit Salomon ditches chief, 9 September, 2002 | | | | ramify [ RAM-uh'-fahy ] | | | [ intransitive verb, transitive verb ] | | | MEANING : | | | 1. (intr. v.) to develop complexities 2. (intr. v.) to grow branches or branch out 3. (tr. v.) to separate into parts or branches | | | USAGE EXAMPLE 1 : | | | The inability to rush an accident victim to a hospital on time could ramify the loss of life.
| | | USAGE EXAMPLE 2 : | | | The loss is terrible, and it will ramify through millions of lives. The Telegraph, This is the tempest long foretold, 12 September 2001 | | | | epistemologist [ i-pis-tuh'-MOL-uh'-jist ] | | | [ noun ] | | | MEANING : | | | 1. a specialist in the extent and validity of the nature of knowledge 2. a philosopher who studies the nature and theory of knowledge | | | USAGE EXAMPLE 1 : | | | The class was asked to identify the epistemologist who wrote the essay on 'the theory of knowledge.'
| | | USAGE EXAMPLE 2 : | | | Taleb is a Lebanese options trader turned epistemologist. The Telegraph, Tales of the unexpected, 31 May 2007. | | | | stratum [ STREY-tuh'm ] | | | [ noun ] | | | MEANING : | | | 1. one of many horizontal layers of material 2. a level of society composed of people with similar cultural, social or economic status 3. any of a number of levels, or divisions in an organized system 4. a layer of body tissue | | | USAGE EXAMPLE 1 : | | | The explorers chanced upon a stratum of gold deep within the mountains.
| | | USAGE EXAMPLE 2 : | | | The upper stratum of the political class in the United States -- the candidates, the activists, the interest group leaders -- they are in fact more divided than they have been in quite a while. CNN, The polarization myth, Lou Dobbs, 20 October 2004. | | |
Spelled Pronunciation Key Stress marks: [ CAPS ] indicates the primary stressed syllable, as in newspaper [NOOZ-pey-per ] and information [ in-fer-MEY-shuh' n ] | CONSONANTS | | [b] | boy, baby, rob | | [d] | do, ladder, bed | | [f] | food, offer, safe | | [g] | get, bigger, dog | | [h] | happy, ahead | | [j] | jump, budget, age | | [k] | can, speaker, stick | | [l] | let, follow, still | | [m] | make, summer, time | | [n] | no, dinner, thin | | [ng] | singer, think, long | | [p] | put, apple, cup | | [r] | run, marry, far, store | | [s] | sit, city, passing, face | | [sh] | she, station, push | | [t] | top, better, cat | | [ch] | church, watching, nature, witch | | [th] | thirsty, nothing, math | | [th'] | this, mother, breathe | | [v] | very, seven, love | | [w] | wear, away | | [hw] | where, somewhat | | [y] | yes, onion | | [z] | zoo, easy, buzz | | [zh] | measure, television, beige | | | | VOWELS | | [a] | apple, can, hat | | [ey] | aid, hate, day | | [ah] | arm, father, aha | | [air] | air, careful, wear | | [aw] | all, or, talk, lost, saw | | [e] | ever, head, get | | [ee] | eat, see, need | | [eer] | ear, hero, beer | | [er] | teacher, afterward, murderer | | [i] | it, big, finishes | | [ahy] | I, ice, hide, deny | | [o] | odd, hot, woffle | | [oh] | owe, road, below | | [oo] | ooze, food, soup, sue | | [oo'] | good, book, put | | [oi] | oil, choice, toy | | [ou] | out, loud, how | | [uh] | up, mother, mud | | [uh'] | about, animal, problem, circus | | [ur] | early, bird, stirring | | | | | FOREIGN SOUNDS | | [a*] | Fr. ami | | [kh*] | Scot. loch, Ger. ach or ich | | [œ] | Fr. feu, Ger. schön | | [r*] | Fr. au revoir, Yiddish rebbe | | [uh*] | Fr. oeuvre | | [y*] | Fr. tu, Ger. über | | | | SAMPLE NASALIZED VOWELS | | [an*] | Fr. bien | | [ahn*] | Fr. croissant | | [awn*] | Fr. bon | | [œn*] | Fr. parfum | | [in*] | Port. Principe | | |
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